Chemistry Syllabus (PMDC / Entry Test)
Unit 1: INTRODUCTION OF FUNDAMENTALS CONCEPT OF CHEMISTRY
| Units | Topics/Subtopics | Learning Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Moles and Avogadro’s Numbers | 1.1 Construct mole ratios from balanced equations for use as conversion factors in stoichiometric problems. 1.2 Perform stoichiometric calculations with balanced equations using moles, representative particles, masses and volumes of the gases (at STP). |
| 1 | Limiting and Excess Reactants | 1.3 Explain the limiting reagent in reaction. 1.4 Calculate the maximum number of products produced and the amount of any un-reacted excess reagent. |
| 1 | Yield | 1.5 Given information from which any two of the following may be determined, calculate the third: theoretical yield, actual yield, percentage yield. 1.6 Calculate the theoretical yield and the percent yield when given the balanced equation, the amount of reactants and the actual yield. |
Unit 2: ATOMIC STRUCTURE
| Units | Topics/Subtopics | Learning Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| 2 | Discovery of Proton, Planck’s Quantum Theory | 2.1 Describe discovery and properties of proton (Positive rays). 2.2 Define Photon as a unit of radiation energy. 2.3 Describe the concept of orbitals. |
| 2 | Quantum Number | 2.4 Distinguish among Principal energy level, energy sub-level and atomic orbitals. |
| 2 | Shapes of orbitals | 2.5 Describe the general shapes of S, P and D orbitals. |
| 2 | Spectrum of Hydrogen | 2.6 Describe Hydrogen Atom using the quantum theory. |
| 2 | Electronic Configuration | 2.7 Use the Aufbau principle, the Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s Rule to write the Electronic Configuration of atoms. 2.8 Write electronic configuration of atom. |
Unit 3: GASES
| Units | Topics/Subtopics | Learning Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | Kinetic Molecular Theory | 3.1 List the postulates of Kinetic Molecular Theory. 3.2 Describe the motion of particles of the gas according to kinetic theory. |
| 3 | Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) | 3.3 State the values of standard temperature and pressure (STP). |
| 3 | Boyle’s Law | 3.4 Describe the effect of change in pressure on the volume of gas. |
| 3 | Charles’s Law | 3.5 Describe the effect of change in temperature on the volume of gas. |
| 3 | Absolute Zero | 3.6 Explain the significance of the absolute zero, giving its value in degree. |
| 3 | Ideal Gas Equation | 3.7 Derive Ideal Gas equation using Boyle’s Law, Charles’s Law and Avogadro’s Law. |
| 3 | Unit of “R” | 3.8 Explain the significance and different units of ideal gas constant. |
| 3 | Real and Ideal Gas | 3.9 Distinguish between Real and Ideal Gases. |
Unit 4: LIQUIDS
| Units | Topics/Subtopics | Learning Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| 4 | Properties Of Liquids based on Kinetic Molecular Theory | 4.1 Describe simple properties of liquids e.g. diffusion, compression, expansion, motion of molecules, spaces between them, intermolecular forces and kinetic energy based on kinetic molecular theory. |
| 4 | Evaporation, Boiling point and Vapor Pressure | 4.2 Explain physical properties of liquid such as evaporation, vapor pressure, boiling point. |
| 4 | Hydrogen Bonding | 4.3 Describe the hydrogen bonding in H₂O, NH₃ and HF molecules. |
| 4 | Anomalous behavior of Water | 4.4 Anomalous behavior of water when its density shows maximum at 4°C. |
Unit 5: SOLID
| Units | Topics/Subtopics | Learning Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| 5 | Crystalline Solids | 5.1 Describe crystalline solid. |
| 5 | Factors Affecting the Shape of Ionic Crystals | 5.2 Name three factors that affect the shape of the ionic crystals. |
| 5 | Difference between Ionic and Molecular Crystals | 5.3 Give brief description of ionic and molecular crystals. |
| 5 | Crystal lattice | 5.4 Explain the structure of a crystal lattice. |
| 5 | Lattice Energy | 5.5 Define Lattice Energy. |
Unit 6: CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
| Units | Topics/Subtopics | Learning Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| 6 | Chemical Equilibrium | 6.1 Define chemical equilibrium in terms of reversible reaction. 6.2 Write both forward and reverse. Describe their macroscopic characteristics. |
| 6 | Le Chatelier’s principle | 6.3 State Le Chatelier’s principle and apply it to systems in equilibrium with changes in concentration, pressure, temperature or addition of catalyst. |
| 6 | Solubility Products | 6.4 Define and explain solubility products. |
| 6 | Common Ion Effect | 6.5 Define and explain the common ion effect by giving examples. |
| 6 | Buffer Solution | 6.6 Define buffer solution and explain types of buffers. |
| 6 | Haber’s Process | 6.7 Explain synthesis of Ammonia by Haber’s process. |
Unit 7: REACTION KINETICS
| Units | Topics/Subtopics | Learning Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| 7 | Chemical Kinetics | 7.1 Define chemical kinetics. 7.2 Explain the terms: rate of reaction, rate equation. |
| 7 | Factors affecting rate of reaction | 7.3 Explain qualitatively factors affecting rate of reaction. 7.4 Give the order with respect to the reactant, write the rate law for reaction. |
| 7 | Order of Reaction | 7.5 Explain the meaning of the term “activation energy” and “activated complex”. 7.6 Relate activation energy and activated complex to rate of reaction. |
| 7 | Rate Constant | 7.7 Describe the role of the rate constant in the theoretical determination of reaction rate. |
Unit 8: THERMO CHEMISTRY
| Units | Topics/Subtopics | Learning Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| 8 | Thermodynamics | 8.1 Define Thermodynamics. |
| 8 | Exothermic and Endothermic Reaction | 8.2 Classify reactions as exothermic and endothermic. |
| 8 | Different Terms Used | 8.3 Define system, surroundings, boundary, state function, heat, heat capacity, internal energy, work, enthalpy. |
| 8 | Internal Energies | 8.4 Name and define the units of internal energy. |
| 8 | Law of Thermodynamics | 8.5 Explain the first law of thermodynamics of energy conservation. |
| 8 | Hess’s Law | 8.6 Apply Hess’s Law to construct simple energy cycles. |
| 8 | Enthalpy | 8.7 Describe enthalpy of the reaction. |
Unit 9: ELECTROCHEMISTRY
| Units | Topics/Subtopics | Learning Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| 9 | Redox Reaction | 9.1 Give the characteristics of a redox reaction. |
| 9 | Oxidation and Reduction | 9.2 Define oxidation and reduction in terms of change in oxidation number. |
| 9 | Balancing Reactions | 9.3 Use the oxidation number method to balance redox reactions. |
| 9 | Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) | 9.4 Define Cathode, Anode, Electrode potential and SHE. 9.5 Define standard electrode potential. |
Unit 10: CHEMICAL BONDING
| Units | Topics/Subtopics | Learning Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | VSEPR Theory | 10.1 Use VSEPR Theory to describe shapes of molecules. |
| 10 | Sigma and Pi Bond | 10.2 Describe sigma and pi-bonds. |
| 10 | Hybridization | 10.3 Describe shapes of molecules using hybridization. |
| 10 | Application of VSEPR | 10.4 Determine shapes from bonded pairs. |
| 10 | Dipole Moment | 10.5 Predict polarity from molecular shape. |
| 10 | Application of Dipole | 10.6 Explain ionic character of covalent bonds. 10.7 Relate polarity to properties. |
| 10 | Bond Energy | 10.8 Define bond energies and compare bond strength. |
Unit 11: S- AND P-BLOCK ELEMENTS
| Units | Topics/Subtopics | Learning Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| 11 | Properties and Trends | 11.1 Define and explain atomic radii, ionic radii, covalent radii, ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity, bond energy, bond length. |
| 11 | S, P, D & F Block Elements | 11.2 Recognize periodic table blocks. |
| 11 | Reaction of Group I elements | 11.3 Describe reactions with water, oxygen, chlorine. |
| 11 | Reaction of Group II elements | 11.4 Describe reactions with water, oxygen, chlorine. |
| 11 | Reaction of Group IV elements | 11.5 Describe reactions of Group IV Elements. |
Unit 12: TRANSITION ELEMENTS
| Units | Topics/Subtopics | Learning Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| 12 | Electronic Structure | 12.1 Describe electronic structures of d-block elements and ions. |
Unit 13: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (Basics)
| Units | Topics/Subtopics | Learning Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| 13 | Definition and Classification | 13.1 Define organic chemistry and organic compounds. 13.2 Classify organic compounds. 13.3 Define functional group. |
| 13 | Isomerism | 13.4 Explain stereoisomerism and types. |
Unit 14: HYDROCARBONS
| Units | Topics/Subtopics | Learning Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| 14 | Alkanes | 14.1 Describe nomenclature of Alkanes. 14.2 Define Free Radical Initiation, propagation, termination. 14.3 Describe free radical substitution mechanism in methane and ethane. |
| 14 | Alkenes | 14.4 Explain IUPAC nomenclature of Alkenes. 14.5 Explain shapes of ethene molecules (σ and π bonds). 14.6 Describe structure and reactivity of alkenes (ethene). 14.7 Explain preparation of ethene by dehydration and dehydrohalogenation. |
| 14 | Benzene | 14.8 Explain shape of Benzene (MOT). 14.9 Define resonance, resonance energy, relative stability. 14.10 Compare reactivity of benzene with alkanes & alkenes. 14.11 Define addition reactions of benzene & methylbenzene. 14.12 Describe electrophilic substitution mechanism. 14.13 Discuss nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel–Craft’s alkylation & acylation. 14.14 Apply knowledge of substituent positions. |
| 14 | Alkynes | 14.15 Use IUPAC system of Alkynes. 14.16 Describe preparation using elimination. 14.17 Describe acidity of alkynes. 14.18 Discuss reactions: hydrogenation, hydrohalogenation, hydration. 14.19 Differentiate substitution and addition. |
Unit 15: ALKYL HALIDES
| Units | Topics/Subtopics | Learning Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| 15 | Nomenclature | 15.1 Name alkyl halides (IUPAC). |
| 15 | Structure & Reactivity | 15.2 Discuss structure and reactivity of RX. |
| 15 | Substitution vs Elimination | 15.3 Describe nucleophilic substitution mechanisms. 15.4 Describe elimination mechanisms. |
Unit 16: ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS
| Units | Topics/Subtopics | Learning Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| 16 | Alcohols | 16.1 Explain nomenclature & structure. 16.2 Explain reactivity. 16.3 Describe chemistry: preparation of ethers and esters. |
| 16 | Phenols | 16.4 Explain nomenclature & structure. 16.5 Discuss reactivity (electrophilic substitution). |
| 16 | Difference | 16.6 Differentiate alcohol vs phenol. |
Unit 17: ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
| Units | Topics/Subtopics | Learning Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| 17 | Nomenclature & Structure | 17.1 Explain nomenclature & structure. |
| 17 | Preparation | 17.2 Discuss preparation methods. |
| 17 | Reactivity | 17.3 Compare reactivity of aldehydes & ketones. |
| 17 | Reactions | 17.4 Describe acid & base catalyzed nucleophilic addition. 17.5 Discuss reduction to alcohols. 17.6 Describe oxidation reactions. |
Unit 18: CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
| Units | Topics/Subtopics | Learning Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| 18 | Nomenclature, Structure & Preparation | 18.1 Describe nomenclature, structure & preparation. |
| 18 | Reactivity | 18.2 Discuss reactivity of carboxylic acids. |
| 18 | Conversions | 18.3 Discuss conversions to acyl halides, anhydrides, esters, amides and interconversion. |
Unit 19: MACROMOLECULES
| Units | Topics/Subtopics | Learning Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| 19 | Classification of Proteins | 19.1 Explain classification & structure-function relationship. |
| 19 | Importance of Proteins | 19.2 Describe roles in body functions & nutrition. |
| 19 | Enzymes | 19.3 Describe enzymes as biocatalysts. |
Unit 20: INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY
| Units | Topics/Subtopics | Learning Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| 20 | Adhesives | 20.1 Know types & applications of adhesives. |
| 20 | Dyes | 20.2 Know types & uses of dyes. |
| 20 | Polymers | 20.3 Describe condensation & addition polymers and types. |